R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 Directive 67/548/EEC The Dangerous Substances Directive is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety. It was made under Article 100 (Art. 94 in a consolidated version) of the Treaty of Rome. By agreement it is also applicable in the EEA, and compliance with the Directive will ensure compliance with the relevant Swiss laws: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found.
These risk phrases are used internationally not just in Europe and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization. (Note: missing R-number combinations indicate phrases that were deleted or replaced by another phrase.)
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Risk Phrases
- R1: Explosive when dry
- R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
- R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
- R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
- R5: Heating may cause an explosion
- R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
- R7: May cause fire
- R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
- R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
- R10: Flammable
- R11: Highly flammable
- R12: Extremely flammable
- R14: Reacts violently with water
- R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
- R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
- R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
- R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
- R19: May form explosive peroxides
- R20: Harmful by inhalation
- R21: Harmful in contact with skin
- R22: Harmful if swallowed
- R23: Toxic by inhalation
- R24: Toxic in contact with skin
- R25: Toxic if swallowed
- R26: Very toxic by inhalation
- R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
- R28: Very toxic if swallowed
- R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
- R30: Can become highly flammable in use
- R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
- R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
- R33: Danger of cumulative effects
- R34: Causes burns
- R35: Causes severe burns
- R36: Irritating to eyes
- R37: Irritating to respiratory system
- R38: Irritating to skin
- R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
- R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
- R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
- R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
- R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
- R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
- R45: May cause cancer
- R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
- R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
- R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
- R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
- R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
- R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
- R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
- R54: Toxic to flora
- R55: Toxic to fauna
- R56: Toxic to soil organisms
- R57: Toxic to bees
- R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
- R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
- R60: May impair fertility
- R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
- R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
- R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
- R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
- R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
- R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
- R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
- R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects
Combinations
- R14/15: Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases
- R15/29: Contact with water liberates toxic, extremely flammable gases
- R20/21: Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin
- R20/22: Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed
- R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R21/22: Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R23/24: Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin
- R23/25: Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
- R23/24/25: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R24/25: Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R26/27: Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin
- R26/28: Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
- R26/27/28: Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R27/28: Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R36/37: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system
- R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin
- R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin
- R37/38: Irritating to respiratory system and skin
- R39/23: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation
- R39/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin
- R39/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed
- R39/23/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
- R39/23/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
- R39/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R39/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R39/26: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation
- R39/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin
- R39/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed
- R39/26/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
- R39/26/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
- R39/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R39/26/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R42/43: May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact
- R48/20: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation
- R48/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin
- R48/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed
- R48/20/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin
- R48/20/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed
- R48/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R48/20/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R48/23: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation
- R48/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin
- R48/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed
- R48/23/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin
- R48/23/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed
- R48/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R48/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
- R51/53: Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
- R52/53: Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
- R68/20: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation
- R68/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin
- R68/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed
- R68/20/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
- R68/20/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
- R68/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
- R68/20/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R-Phrases no longer in use
- R13: Extremely flammable liquefied gas.
- R47: May cause birth defects.
See also
- List of S-phrases S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found
- Material safety data sheet A material safety data sheet is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance. An important component of product stewardship and workplace safety, it is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner, and includes information such as
- Risk and Safety Statements Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S statements, R/S numbers, R/S phrases, and R/S sentences, is a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals and compounds. The R/S statement of a compound consists of a risk part and a safety part (S), each followed by a combination of numbers. Each number corresponds to a phrase
External links
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