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The true crows are large passerine A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species, it is roughly twice as species rich as the largest of the mammal birds Birds are winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are around 10,000 living species, making them the most varied of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) Ostrich that form the genus In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank (a taxon) used in the classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender", cognate with Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin" Corvus in the family Corvidae Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs and nutcrackers. The common English names used are corvids or the crow family (more informally), and there are over 120 species. The genus Corvus, including the jackdaws, crows and ravens, makes up over a. Ranging in size from the relatively small pigeon Pigeons and doves constitute the bird family Columbidae within the order Columbiformes, which include some 300 species of near passerines. In general parlance the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice, there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and &-sized jackdaws The Jackdaw , sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw, Western Jackdaw, or formerly simply the daw, is a dark-plumaged passerine bird in the crow family. It is found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, and four subspecies are recognised. At 34–39 cm in length, it is one of the smallest species in Corvus, the genus of (Eurasian The Jackdaw , sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw, Western Jackdaw, or formerly simply the daw, is a dark-plumaged passerine bird in the crow family. It is found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, and four subspecies are recognised. At 34–39 cm in length, it is one of the smallest species in Corvus, the genus of and Daurian The Daurian Jackdaw is a member of the Corvidae or crow family of birds. It is closely related to the Eurasian Jackdaw. The name derives from the Dauria region of eastern Russia) to the Common Raven The Common Raven , also known as the Northern Raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the northern hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance— although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations of the Holarctic The Holarctic ecozone refers to the habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world as a whole. This region is divided into the Palearctic, consisting of Northern Africa and all of Eurasia, with the exception of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and the Nearctic, consisting of North America north of southern Mexico. These region and Thick-billed Raven of the highlands of Ethiopia Ethiopia (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā) is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. Officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is the second-most populous nation in Africa with over 79.2 million people and the tenth-largest by area with its 1,100,000 km2. The capital is Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is, the 40 or so members of this genus occur on all temperate continents A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, with seven regions commonly regarded as continents – they are : Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia (except South America South America is the southern continent of America, situated in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest) and several offshore and oceanic islands (including Hawaii The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles . At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi. The last is by). In the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three, the word "crow" is used to refer to the American Crow The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, is a large passerine bird species of the family Corvidae. It is a common bird found throughout much of North America. In the interior of the continent south of the Arctic, it is simply "the crow" as no other such birds occur there on any regular basis. The crow is a year round species. The crow genus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs and nutcrackers. The common English names used are corvids or the crow family (more informally), and there are over 120 species. The genus Corvus, including the jackdaws, crows and ravens, makes up over a family. Other corvids include rooks The Rook is a member of the Corvidae family in the passerine order of birds. Named by Linnaeus in 1758, the species name frugilegus is Latin for "food-gathering" and jays The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy, passerine birds in the crow family Corvidae. The names jay and magpie are somewhat interchangeable, and the evolutionary relationships are rather complex. For example, the Eurasian Magpie seems more closely related to the Eurasian Jay than to the Oriental Blue and Green. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from the corvid stock, which had evolved in Australia. A group of crows is called a "murder".^[1][2]

Systematics

The genus was originally described by Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus [a 2] (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus [a 3], also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné , 23 May[a 1] 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of in his 18th century work Systema Naturae The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carolus Linnaeus. The first edition was published in 1735. Its full title is Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis or translated: "System of nature.^[3] The name is derived from the Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. With the Roman conquest, Latin was spread to countries around the Mediterranean, including a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Aragonese, Corsican, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Sardinian, Spanish and others, are descended from Latin, while corvus meaning "raven".^[4] The type species In taxonomy, a type species is a technical phrase, involved in the application of formal names (biological, binomial nomenclature). Very roughly speaking, it is the species that fixes (that is, permanently attaches) a genus to its formal name (its generic name) is the Common Raven The Common Raven , also known as the Northern Raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the northern hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance— although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations (Corvus corax); others named in the same work include the Carrion Crow The Carrion Crow is a member of the passerine order of birds and the crow family which is native to western Europe and eastern Asia (C. corone), the Hooded Crow (C. cornix), the Rook The Rook is a member of the Corvidae family in the passerine order of birds. Named by Linnaeus in 1758, the species name frugilegus is Latin for "food-gathering" (C. frugilegus), and the Jackdaw The Jackdaw , sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw, Western Jackdaw, or formerly simply the daw, is a dark-plumaged passerine bird in the crow family. It is found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, and four subspecies are recognised. At 34–39 cm in length, it is one of the smallest species in Corvus, the genus of (C. monedula).

There is no good systematic approach to the genus at present. Generally, it is assumed that the species from a geographical area are more closely related to each other than to other lineages, but this is not necessarily correct. For example, while the Carrion/Collared/House Crow complex is certainly closely related to each other, the situation is not at all clear regarding the Australian/Melanesian species. Furthermore, as many species are similar in appearance, determining actual range and characteristics can be very difficult, such as in Australia where the five (possibly six) species are almost identical in appearance.

The fossil record Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record. The study of fossils across geological time, how of crows is rather dense in Europe, but the relationships among most prehistoric species is not clear. Jackdaw-, crow- and raven-sized forms seem to have existed since long ago and crows were regularly hunted by humans up to the Iron Age In archaeology, the Iron Age is the historical period in any area during which cutting tools and weapons were mainly made of iron or steel. The adoption of this material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, documenting the evolution of the modern taxa. American crows are not as well-documented.

A surprisingly high number of species have become extinct In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or group of taxa. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species . Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena after human colonization, especially of island groups such as New Zealand, Hawaii and Greenland.

Species

Living and recently extinct species

• Species name - Common Names (range)
  • Subspecies...
• Corvus alberculos - White-necked Raven or Cape Raven (Southern, central and eastern Africa)
• Corvus albus - Pied Crow (Central African coasts to southern Africa)
• Corvus bennetti - Little Crow (Australia)
• Corvus brachyrhynchos - American Crow The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, is a large passerine bird species of the family Corvidae. It is a common bird found throughout much of North America. In the interior of the continent south of the Arctic, it is simply "the crow" as no other such birds occur there on any regular basis (United States, southern Canada, northern Mexico)
• Corvus capensis - Cape Crow or Black Crow or Cape Rook (Eastern and southern Africa)
• Corvus caurinus - Northwestern Crow (Olympic peninsula to southwest Alaska)
• Corvus corax - Common Raven The Common Raven , also known as the Northern Raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the northern hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance— although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations or Northern Raven (The Holarctic south throughout middle Europe, Asia, and North America to Nicaragua)
  • Corvus (corax) sinuatus - Western Raven (Holarctic; Arctic, North America, Eurasia, northern Africa, Pacific islands and British Isles)
  • Corvus (corax) varius morpha leucophaeus - Pied Raven an extinct color variant (Holarctic)
• Corvus corone - Carrion Crow The Carrion Crow is a member of the passerine order of birds and the crow family which is native to western Europe and eastern Asia or Eurasian Crow (Western Europe from British Isles to Germany, eastern Asia)
  • Corvus (corone) capellanus - Mesopotamian Crow or Iraq Pied Crow (Southern Iraq to extreme southwest Iran)
  • Corvus (corone) cornix - Hooded Crow (Northern and western Europe through Turkey, but only North Western Scotland and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom as the Carrion Crow is more common on most of the British mainland; Syria, Iran, Iraq)
  • Corvus (corone) orientalis - Eastern Carrion Crow (Eurasia and northern Africa)
• Corvus coronoides - Australian Raven The Australian Raven is the largest Australian member of the genus Corvus and one of three Australian species commonly known as ravens. It is a more slender bird than the Common Raven of the Northern Hemisphere but is otherwise similar. It has all-black plumage, beak and legs with a white iris, as do the other Corvus members in Australia and some (Eastern and southern Australia)
• Corvus crassirostris - Thick-billed Raven (Ethiopia)
• Corvus cryptoleucus - Chihuahuan Raven The Chihuahuan Raven , is a species of bird in the family Corvidae that is native to the United States and Mexico. It was formerly known as the American White-necked Raven, and has the proportions of a Common Raven with a heavy bill, but is about the same size as a Carrion Crow, or slightly larger (44–51 cm/17–20 in in length) than the (Southwestern U.S., northwestern Mexico)
• Corvus dauuricus - Daurian Jackdaw The Daurian Jackdaw is a member of the Corvidae or crow family of birds. It is closely related to the Eurasian Jackdaw. The name derives from the Dauria region of eastern Russia (Eastern Europe to eastern Japan, occasionally Scandinavia)
• Corvus enca - Slender-billed Crow (Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia)
  • Corvus (enca) violaceus - Violaceous Crow (Philippines, Ceram, Moluccas)
• Corvus florensis - Flores Crow (Flores Island)
• Corvus frugilegus - Rook The Rook is a member of the Corvidae family in the passerine order of birds. Named by Linnaeus in 1758, the species name frugilegus is Latin for "food-gathering" (Europe, Asia, New Zealand)
• Corvus fuscicapillus - Brown-headed Crow (New Guinea)
• Corvus hawaiiensis (formerly C. tropicus) - ʻAlalā or Hawaiian Crow (Island of Hawaii)
• Corvus imparatus - Tamaulipas Crow (Gulf of Mexico coast from Nuevo León east to Rio Grande delta, south to Tampico, Tamaulipas)
• Corvus jamaicensis - Jamaican Crow (Jamaica)
• Corvus kubaryi - Mariana Crow The Mariana Crow is a species of the crow family from the north Pacific. It is an endangered species which has steadily declined in numbers since the 1960s or Aga (Guam, Rota)
• Corvus leucognaphalus - White-necked Crow (Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico)
• Corvus macrorhynchos - Large-billed Crow (Eastern Asia, Himalayas, Philippines)
  • Corvus (macrorhynchos) levaillantii - Jungle Crow The Jungle Crow , is a very widespread Asian species of crow. They are very adaptable and are able to survive on a wide range of food sources making them capable of colonizing new areas due to which they are often considered a nuisance, especially on islands. They have a large bill and due to this they are also sometimes called Large-billed Crow (India, Burma)
• Corvus meeki - Bougainville Crow or Soloman Islands Crow (Northern Soloman Islands)^[5]
• Corvus mellori - Little Raven (Southeastern Australia)
• Corvus monedula - Jackdaw The Jackdaw , sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw, Western Jackdaw, or formerly simply the daw, is a dark-plumaged passerine bird in the crow family. It is found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, and four subspecies are recognised. At 34–39 cm in length, it is one of the smallest species in Corvus, the genus of or Western Jackdaw (British Isles and western Europe, Scandinavia, northern Asia, Northern Africa)
• Corvus moneduloides - New Caledonian Crow (New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands)
• Corvus nasicus - Cuban Crow (Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Grand Caicos Island)
• Corvus orru - Torresian Crow or Australian Crow (Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands)
• Corvus ossifragus - Fish Crow (Eastern U.S. coast, southeastern U.S. through Florida, west along major rivers to Oklahoma and Texas)
• Corvus palmarum - Palm Crow (Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic)
• Corvus rhipidurus - Fan-tailed Raven (Northeast Africa, Middle East)
• Corvus ruficolis - Brown-necked Raven or Desert Raven (Northern Africa, Arabia, southeast to eastern Asia)
  • Corvus (ruficolis) edithae - Somali Crow or Dwarf Raven (Northeast Africa)
• Corvus sinaloae - Sinaloan Crow (Pacific coast from Sonora to Colima)
• Corvus splendens - House Crow or Indian House Crow (Indian subcontinent, Middle East, east Africa)
• Corvus tasmanicus - Forest Raven or Tasmanian Raven (Tasmania and adjacent south coast of Australia)
  • Corvus (tasmanicus) boreus - Relict Raven (Northeastern New South Wales)
• Corvus torquatus - Collared Crow (Eastern China, south into Vietnam)
• Corvus tristis - Grey Crow or Bare-faced Crow (New Guinea and neighboring islands)
• Corvus typicus - Piping Crow or Celebes Pied Crow (Sulawesi, Muna, Butung)
• Corvus unicolor - Banggai Crow (Banggai Island) - possibly extinct
• Corvus validus - Long-billed Crow (Northern Moluccas)
• Corvus woodfordi - White-billed Crow or Soloman Islands Crow (Southern Soloman Islands)^[5]

List sources^[6]

Prehistoric and fossilized species

• New Ireland Crow, Corvus sp. (prehistoric Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists. They are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory, as in the case of Haast's Eagle from New Zealand)
• Chatham Islands Raven, C. moriorum (prehistoric Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists. They are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory, as in the case of Haast's Eagle from New Zealand)
• New Zealand Raven, C. antipodum (prehistoric Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists. They are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory, as in the case of Haast's Eagle from New Zealand)
• High-billed Crow, C. impluviatus (prehistoric Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists. They are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory, as in the case of Haast's Eagle from New Zealand)
• Robust Crow, C. viriosus (prehistoric Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists. They are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory, as in the case of Haast's Eagle from New Zealand)
• Corvus larteti (fossil: Late Miocene of France, or C Europe?)
• Corvus pliocaenus (fossil: Late Pliocene –? Early Pleistocene of SW Europe)
• Corvus antecorax (fossil: Late Pliocene/Early – Late Pleistocene of Europe; may be subspecies of Corvus corax)
• Corvus betfianus (fossil)
• Corvus praecorax (fossil)
• Corvus simionescui (fossil)
• Corvus fossilis (fossil)
• Corvus moravicus (fossil)
• Corvus hungaricus (fossil)
• Puerto Rican Crow C. or "chango" "mozambique" pumilis (prehistoric; possibly a subspecies of C. nasicus/palmarum)
• Corvus galushai (fossil: Big Sandy Late Miocene of Wickieup, USA)
• Corvus neomexicanus (fossil: Late Pleistocene of Dry Cave, USA)

In addition to the prehistoric forms listed above, some extinct chronosubspecies have been described. These are featured under the respective species accounts.

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